S9 fractions deliver a complete metabolic profile by combining both Phase I and Phase II enzymes. This enables the precise identification of metabolites and accurate measurement of intrinsic clearance—crucial for dose selection and pharmacokinetic studies. By incorporating Phase II metabolism, S9 fractions provide valuable insights into key conjugation processes, including glucuronidation (via UGTs), sulfation (SULTs), and glutathione conjugation (GSTs). This comprehensive approach helps predict how compounds are processed and eliminated in the body. Unlike microsomes, which lack cytosolic enzymes and therefore miss important metabolic pathways, S9 fractions offer a broader and more physiologically relevant assessment. While they may require additional cofactors and careful handling to preserve enzyme activity, S9 fractions remain a powerful tool for reliable and sensitive metabolic studies.
Liver, kidney, lung and intestine subcellular fractions are available from different species, including nonhuman primates Rhesus Monkey, Beagle Dog, Sprague-Dawley Rat, several Mouse strains (e.g. CD-1, Balb/C), Rabbit, Guinea Pig, BAM Minipig, Chicken.
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